Instrumentation

  • Compact mobile NMR for physical materials-science of polymers, foods, and porous rocks

    Dr. J. Beau W. Webber (Lab-Tools Ltd. Ltd. (nano-science), UK)

    LinkedIn: J. Beau W. Webber

    Abstract: We have developed highly compact benchtop/mobile Time-domain NMR Spectrometers for physical materials-science of polymers, foods, and porous rocks.

    Pore-size distributions :
    Gibbs–Thomson equation for the melting point depression, Tm, for a small isolated spherical crystal, of diameter x, in its own liquid, may be expressed as [1] :

    Delta T_m=T_m^infty-T_mleft(xright)=frac{4sigma_{sl}T_m^infty}{xDelta H_frho_s

    Using this Cryoporometric technique, we have measured pore-volume and pore size distribution on 10 samples of North Sea sandstone porous rock, from the National Geological Repository at the British Geological Survey (UKRI).

    Quantity and viscosity of bulk and the as-recovered liquids :
    We have also developed a novel technique for determining quantified viscosity, using NMR T1ρ [2], and measured the quantity and viscosity of the as-recovered liquids in the  porous rocks.

    References :
    1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Cryoporometry J. Mitchell, J. Beau W. Webber and J.H. Strange. Physics Reports, 461, 1-36, 2008. DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2008.02.001
    2. Quantified Measurements of Viscosity in The Bulk and In Pores, Using NMR Spin-lattice Relaxation in The Rotating Frame J. Beau W. Webber, Philip M. Singer, Dave M. Pickup. Quantitative NMR Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1 (2026): Volume 1, Issue 1 https://qnmrjournal.com/index.php/qNMR/article/view/8/
    3. NMR spectrometers that go places others can’t. J. Beau W. Webber, David Pickup. Nat Rev Chem (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41570-026-00851-6

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  • Sustainability in NMR- Benchmarking A fully Cryogen-Free, High Field NMR System

    Mathew Brevard (Superconducting Systems/ IMRIS, USA)

    LinkedIn: @Mathew Brevard, Bluesky: @superconductingsys.bsky.social

    Abstract: Helium has a high cost, massive supply volatility, can be stressful to manage and carries a HUGE carbon footprint. High Field NMR requires superconductivity, but cryogen-free (CF)high field magnets have been in production for 3 decades and are considerably smaller and more efficient. We applied the latest CF technology to a full NMR system to establish the viability of this approach.

    NMR was performed on a shielded, superconducting and persistent 89mm clear bore (rampable 0.5 to 9.4T) CF magnet and put it up to a rigorous set of NMR experiments to test performance and stability.
    Testing with a Bruker AV3 and RS2D Console connected to a 20 Channel Bruker BOSS1 Shim and a 2H/1H/X BB 5mmx 16mm L Bruker probe. We ran spectra on a slew of standardized samples including: 0.1% Ethylbenzene, 1% Chloroform, Cyclosporin, Gramacidin, Quinidine, Heptanone and Cholesterol.

    The system shimmed to superior levels with 0.1% Ethylbenzne producing full triplet and quadruplet splitting and an SNR of 495. Linewidth tests on 1% CHCL3 tests without spinning gave line widths of 0.26Hz @ 50%, 4 Hz @ 0.55% and 7Hz @ 0.11%. Spectra and 2D experiments for complex molecules have comparable performance to traditional NMR systems.

    Results show that NMR in a fully cryogen-free magnet is fully viable. CF for routine high field NMR could substantially reduce the NMR communities reliance on non-renewable helium, reduce carbon emissions and also offer considerable space and energy savings over helium recapture systems.

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    Helium independence for High-Field MRI

  • Evaluation of an 80 MHz Benchtop NMR System for Spin Lattice Relaxation (T₁) Measurements in Coffee Extracts

    Mailinda Ayu Hana Margareta (Universitas Negeri Malang, Indonesia)

    Abstract: The increasing demand for rapid and cost-effective analytical methods for coffee quality assessment has highlighted the need for accessible techniques capable of probing molecular behavior in complex coffee matrices. Although high field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the standard approach for spin lattice relaxation (T₁) measurements, its widespread use remains limited by high acquisition costs and specialized infrastructure requirements. This study evaluates the capability of an 80 MHz Benchtop NMR system to perform T₁ measurements directly in coffee extracts. Building upon an established relaxation delay (d1) optimization protocol, inversion recovery experiments were conducted, and relaxation curves were analyzed using nonlinear fitting to determine T₁ values for resolved proton resonances in the coffee extracts. The results demonstrate that the Benchtop NMR system successfully generated reliable relaxation curves and accurately determined distinct T₁ values for multiple proton resonances within the complex coffee matrix. The reproducibility of the fitting results indicates that the 80 MHz Benchtop NMR possesses sufficient sensitivity and stability for molecular relaxation studies despite its relatively low magnetic field strength. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of employing Benchtop NMR as an accessible analytical platform for routine T₁ measurements in coffee extracts and support its potential application in molecular characterization and quality assessment within the coffee industry.

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  • Real-time zero-field magnetometry using a single NV center coupled to a first-shell 13C nuclear spin in diamond

    Pralekh Dubey (IISER Bhopal, India)

    LinkedIn: Pralekh Dubey

    Abstract: Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are robust and versatile solid-state defects that serve as optically addressable spin qubits under ambient conditions. When coupled to nearby first-shell 13C nuclear spins, they form a hybrid electron-nuclear spin system with rich hyperfine structure, which can also serve as a quantum register for NMR, quantum information processing and sensing applications 1. Here, we explore this coupled system in the context of zero-field quantum sensing 2. We demonstrate real-time zero-field magnetometry using first-shell 13C-coupled single NV centers in diamond. The strong hyperfine interaction (~130MHz) 3 with the proximal 13C spin lifts the degeneracy of the NV spin transitions and provides an intrinsic bias in the absence of an external magnetic field 4,5. Selective addressing and tracking of individual transitions under zero-field conditions, allows time-varying magnetic fields (up to few Hz) to be monitored in real time. This work highlights how coupled NV-13C spin systems are valuable for real-time zero-field magnetometry, with possible extension to other solid-state systems.

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  • Improved 2D-HMQC Spectroscopy Through Perfect Echo Refocusing and ASAP Polarization Transfer

    Nidhi Tiwari (Centre of Biomedical Research, India)

    LinkedIn: Nidhi Tiwari, X: @TiwariNidhi05

    Abstract: The speed of multidimensional NMR spectroscopy can be increased by an order of magnitude by shortening the recycle delay between scans. The consequent loss of longitudinal magnetization due to incomplete relaxation can be retrieved if undisturbed polarization is transferred from nearby proton spins not directly attached to 13C. In ASAP (Acceleration by Sharing Adjacent Polarization) HMQC, an ASAP block based on homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn mixing is incorporated, which consistently provides higher signal enhancement under identical total preparation time by transferring polarization from 12C attached (donor) protons to 13C attached (acceptor) protons, leading to repeated revival of detectable magnetization during short recovery delays.[1] Later on, this ASAP mechanism was also demonstrated to be useful for HSQC and NOAH (NMR by Ordered Acquisition using 1H detection); however, in HSQC, further improvement was achieved using the ZIP element, which overcomes the JHH (homonuclear ¹H-¹H J-evolution) modulation of the remote proton transverse magnetization by storing it before the start of the t1 evolution.
    Recently, we have been addressing this JHH modulation in the HMQC class of experiments by combining the concept of ASAP and Perfect Echo-based refocusing of JHH in HMQC. This Perfect Echo-based ASAP-HMQC offers performance similar to that of ASAP-HSQC and better than that of only ASAP-HMQC.
    Comparative analysis of ASAP-HMQC, ASAP-HSQC, and Perfect Echo ASAP-HMQC will be presented in the work.

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  • Isolation of Megastigmanes from Ficus sycomorus and In Silico Design of Novel Cyclohexenone Derivatives as Tubulin Inhibitors for Breast Cancer Therapy

    Dauda Garba (University of Abuja Nigeria, Nigeria)

    LinkedIn: Dauda Garba

    Abstract: Breast cancer demands novel therapies with improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. Tubulin, particularly the colchicine-binding site, is an ideal target for disrupting microtubule dynamics. While medicinal plants offer chiral bioactive compounds, determining their absolute configuration is challenging. This study integrates phytochemistry and computational design to develop cyclohexenone-based tubulin inhibitors. Two megastigmane derivatives, vomifoliol (A1) and its 13-hydroxy analog (A2), were isolated from Ficus sycomorus and characterized via NMR, LCMS, and ECD. Guided by their scaffold and SAR, fourteen derivatives were designed in silico. SwissADME and ProTox-III confirmed drug-likeness and favorable ADMET profiles. Molecular docking against tubulin (PDB: 1SA0) identified six compounds with superior binding (−8.0 to −9.0 kcal/mol) over colchicine (−7.9 kcal/mol). Lig9 showed the strongest affinity (−9.0 kcal/mol), with key interactions at CYS241, LEU242, and ILE378. These results position Lig9 as a promising lead for breast cancer therapy, warranting experimental validation.

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  • A Palm-Top time-domain NMR spectrometer for the research laboratory

    Dr. Beau Webber (Lab-Tools Ltd., UK)

    LinkedIn: @Beau Webber

    Abstract: Take this Lab-Tools NMR TD spectrometer down off the shelf, plug it in, insert your sample, and you are up and measuring. Measure, plot and fit your results real-time in any of a number of ways, at the lab bench or from a remote location. This TD NMR spectrometer has been designed as a compact precision tool to measure quantitatively the physical properties of your sample. This TD NMR spectrometer can be used to study liquids, solids, polymers and porous materials. This gives data on sample component masses and molecular movement of the atoms and molecules, which lead to qualities which are variously described as mobility, dynamics, stiffness, viscosity or rigidity. Two NMR probes typically cover a wide range of NMR active nuclei : 1H, 19F, 11B, 7Li, 23Na. If you need variable-temperature, then plug in the Peltier thermo-electrically cooled module. -60C to +80C. This enables a wide range of materials-science measurements, and is also the basis of a thermodynamic NMR Cryoporometry system for measuring pore-sizes from nano-meters to micro-meters. In a hurry ? Or have another experiment or sample to do ? These spectrometers are priced so you can just add more on your research bench.

    1. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

      Updates on an Even More Compact Precision NMR Spectrometer and a Wider Range V-T Probe, for General Purpose NMR and for NMR Cryoporometric Nano- to Micro-Pore Measurements. J. Beau W. Webber. Micro. 2024; 4(3):509-529. DOI: 10.3390/micro4030032.

    2. Riley Hooper Avatar
      Riley Hooper

      Very cool! Are the spectrometers controlled on home-built software, and how much customizability is there in the programming for e.g. playing with pulse sequences or other experimental parameters? Are there any plans to add frequency-domain capabilities?

      1. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

        Hi Riley,
        The software has been written in my lab in an array processing language called Apl. It is multi-tasking, and also handles the graphics, and talks to the RF Gate-Array over an Ethernet.
        New and modified pulse-sequences can be written, and either down-loaded into the firm-ware pulse sequence pipeline, or run in the high-level Apl.
        All the front-panel and menu parameters can be set, or saved / loaded to disc. (Tomorrow we are discussing adding an AI assistant to this.)
        There are some frequency-domain capabilities already built in. However my magnets are not homogeneous enough for resolving 1H spectra yet. But I have captured some low-resolution 19F spectra easily.
        Cheers,
        Beau

        1. Riley Hooper Avatar
          Riley Hooper

          Interesting, thanks!

    3. Amit Bhattacharya Avatar
      Amit Bhattacharya

      Hi Dr. Webber, impressive work! Could you elaborate on how T1rho measurements correlate with viscosity ?

      1. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

        Thanks Amit,
        We have a preliminary equation, but we are still analysing the results.
        But we believe we may have publishable results, just need to validate them in other well defined systems. This data is only days old.
        Can you please contact me on LinkedIn, and I will let you have more info when we are sure we are happy with the results.
        Cheers, Beau

    4. Amit Bhattacharya Avatar
      Amit Bhattacharya

      Thank you Dr. Webber.

    5. Raj Chaklashiya Avatar

      Hi Dr. Webber, nice presentation! I am intrigued by the small size of the NMR spectrometer and have a few questions:
      1) How transportable is the spectrometer? I am assuming that its smaller size makes it significantly more mobile than other spectrometers, and perhaps capable of being used “on the field” in certain locations where it would otherwise not be possible for a bigger spectrometer to be used (e.g. near a cave, near a river, etc.)
      2) Up to what magnetic field are you able to reach while maintaining the small spectrometer size?

      1. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

        Hi Raj,
        Yes it is very transportable : It fits into a laptop bag, with the 0.5T 20 MHz 1H magnet, and a regulated 8 hour battery supply.
        Very suitable for mobile use in the field indeed.
        The 0.5T magnet is the highest I yet have – but watch this space !
        Thanks for the interest,
        Beau

      2. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

        Hi Raj,
        Yes it is very transportable : It fits into a laptop bag, with the 0.5T 20 MHz 1H magnet, and a regulated 8 hour battery supply.
        Very suitable for mobile use in the field indeed.
        The this magnet is the highest I yet have – but watch this space !
        Thanks for the interest,

        1. Raj Chaklashiya Avatar

          Very cool, thank you! I look forward also to seeing how the highest field usable changes in the future!

          1. Dr. Beau Webber Avatar

            If you have a suitable magnet, the MK5 NMR goes up to 120MHz, good enough for 2T 1H.

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  • UV-Induced PET Depolymerization in m-Cresol Monitored by Time-Resolved Diffusion NMR on a Benchtop Spectrometer

    Farwa Khalid (Insitute of physical chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland)

    Abstract: PET (polyethylene terephthalate) is commonly used in bottles, fabrics, and packaging due to its transparency, durability, and mechanical properties. Its extensive use, combined with its natural degradation under sunlight and UV rays, slowly and uncontrollably contributes to environmental pollution [1]. Efforts to address waste PET face challenges in achieving energy-efficient and selective depolymerization through physical sorting or existing chemical methods[2]. The depolymerization of PET in m-cresol under UV light is key to breaking it down into valuable monomers[3].
    This study investigates UV-induced depolymerization of PET in m-cresol, focusing on real-time monitoring with Benchtop NMR. A flow-based experimental setup ensures continuous UV light exposure, while Diffusion NMR provides insights into diffusion properties and molecular size distribution during the process. Real-time diffusion data reveals the depolymerization kinetics, transitioning from high-molecular-weight polymer chains to low-molecular-weight monomers. This method offers valuable insights into the mechanistic pathway of PET depolymerization, potentially improving sustainable plastic waste management.
    References
    [1] F. Cao, L. Wang, R. Zheng, L. Guo, Y. Chen, and X. Qian, “Research and progress of chemical depolymerization of waste PET and high-value application of its depolymerization products,” Nov. 03, 2022, Royal Society of Chemistry. doi: 10.1039/d2ra06499e.
    [2] S. Zhang et al., “Selective depolymerization of PET to monomers from its waste blends and composites at ambient temperature,” Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 470, Aug. 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2023.144032.
    [3] S. S. Karim et al., “Model analysis on effect of temperature on the solubility of recycling of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) plastic,” Chemosphere, vol. 307, Nov. 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136050.

    1. Kirill Sheberstov Avatar
      Kirill Sheberstov

      Hi Farwa, I have a question regarding the interpretation of DOSY experiments. In case of signal overlap, under which conditions is it possible to distinguish the two overlapping components? Would a signal display mono or biexponential decay? Thank you.

    2. FARWA kHALID Avatar
      FARWA kHALID

      I have used a PGSTE-WET to suppress the solvent signals interfering with the PET peaks. Selecting a gradient strength value where the interfering signal is attenuated and only the desired signal appears. This way, I filter out the solvent peaks in the DOSY spectrum.Also, we are using Tailored fitting Normalization to get the polydispersity index.

    3. Blake Wilson Avatar
      Blake Wilson

      Hi Farwa, great presentation. How does the wavelength of UV light influence the results you see?

      1. Farwa khalid Avatar
        Farwa khalid

        Hi,
        The wavelength of the UV light greatly affects the photodegradation. I even tried the experiment with 270nm wavelength, but I didn’t see the degradation efficiently, even though this one has high energy, because PET shows maximum absorption closer to 300-320nm due to the aromatic ring and ester group. In 270 nm, I did not see the degradation product (Monomer) peak in the region around 9ppm, as it is shown in 365nm proton NMR spectra in my presentation and also I have calculated the peak area of the polymer peak its almost constant in 270nm.

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  • Rapid Melting Strategies for benchtop DNP: A Step Toward Replenishable Hyperpolarization in Liquid-State NMR

    Yang Wang (Very High Field NMR Center of Lyon (CRMN Lyon), France)

    LinkedIn: @Yang Wang; X: @WangYan35529716; Bluesky: @yangwangcz.bsky.social‬

    Abstract: Hyperpolarization techniques can boost NMR sensitivity by over 10,000-fold [1]. Among these, dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (dDNP) is well established but suffers major drawbacks: it is destructive, single-use, and results in dilution upon sample dissolution, leading to rapid signal decay and incompatibility with multi-scan NMR experiments [2].
    We are developing a benchtop DNP platform designed to enable replenishable hyperpolarization without dilution. This approach uses hyperpolarizing materials (HYPOPs) [3] within a compact benchtop polarizer [4], coupled directly to a benchtop NMR spectrometer for solution-state detection. Our long-term goal is a closed-loop system allowing repeated freeze-DNP-melt-flow cycles.
    A critical challenge is maintaining polarization during the melt. In our current system, the sample is transferred from a 77 K DNP cryostat inside a 1 T benchtop polarizer into a dedicated melting station. This first prototype uses a guided high-flux (500 L/min), high-temperature (630 °C) air stream to melt a 250 µL sample in 5 seconds.
    We are now working to reduce the melt time below 1 second by increasing airflow, temperature, and integrating high-power laser light. Ultimately, we aim to couple this rapid melt setup with DNP and solution-state hyperpolarized NMR for multi-scan acquisition capability.
    References:
    [1] Ardenkjær-Larsen, J. H., et al. PNAS 100.18 (2003): 10158-10163.
    [2] Golman, K., et al. Cancer Res. 66.22 (2006): 10855-10860.
    [3] El Daraï, T., Cousin, S.F., Stern, Q., et al. Nat. Commun. 12 (2021): 4695.
    [4] Bocquelet, C., et al. Sci. Adv. 10 (2024): eadq3780.

    1. KSHAMA SHARMA Avatar
      KSHAMA SHARMA

      Hi Yang! Thank you for the presentation.

      I was wondering if you observe any noticeable time lag associated with activating the heat gun during the melting process? If so, have you considered alternative heating methods, such as infrared or laser-based systems that might allow for a more rapid and controlled melt?

      Regarding the freeze-melt and then flow cycles, how reproducible are your polarization levels across repeated runs?

      1. Yang Wang Avatar
        Yang Wang

        Hi Kshama,

        Thank you for your questions !

        Indeed, the heat gun does require a few seconds after activation to reach the target temperature. To address this, I preheat the gun to the desired temperature before exposing the sample, so that the hot air is already at the setpoint at the very start of the melting process.

        I have also considered three alternative heating strategies. Among them, infrared laser heating is particularly promising. We have recently acquired a 1 kW, 1 μm wavelength IR laser system, which is currently being installed. I hope to begin testing it in the coming months and are looking forward to sharing new results with you.

        In parallel, we are also simulating microwave heating approaches, although the heating speed appears to be limited in this case…

        Regarding your question on reproducibility, we unfortunately do not yet have experimental data. However, we are planning a series of repeated melt-DNP experiments in the coming months to verify the polarization reproducibility across cycles.

        Best regards,
        Yang

        1. KSHAMA SHARMA Avatar
          KSHAMA SHARMA

          Sounds great Yang! All the best and thank you!

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  • Advancing GHz-class NMR: High sensitivity through larger volume cryoprobe and optimal control sequences

    David Joseph (Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Germany)

    X: @DaJo_1729

    Abstract: Improving the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy requires advancements in both instrument technology and experimental methodology. In this study, we introduce the first proton-detected large volume cryoprobe designed for 1.2 GHz instruments, leveraging optimal control pulse sequences to enhance performance (Sci. Adv. 9,eadj1133, 2023). Our results demonstrate up to a 56% increase in sensitivity and more than a twofold reduction in experimental time compared to the small volume cryoprobes in use at the moment. Additionally, we systematically optimized the experimental conditions to fully exploit the capabilities of GHz-class magnets. To further extend the benefits of our approach, we developed a library of optimal control triple resonance experiments, enabling boosted sensitivity for advanced NMR applications.

    1. Cory Widdifield Avatar

      When comparing the results from the 5 mm TCI probe at 1.2 GHz with the 5 mm TCI probe at 950 MHz, what is the most surprising/interesting/useful insight that you have personally encountered? In the future, what do you think might be the most useful/interesting insights enabled by performing experiments at 1.2 GHz?

      1. David Joseph Avatar
        David Joseph

        The most useful insight is that bio-NMR experiments perform much better using optimal control pulses. A 5 mm TCI at 950 MHz approaches the power availability limit for broadband pulses, particularly for the 13C and 15N channels. At 1.2 GHz, a 5 mm TCI can only be used with optimal control pulses. However, using optimal control pulses with fields starting from 800 MHz would provide free signal enhancement and save valuable experimental time.

        The most interesting insights would come from performing experiments at 1.2 GHz to study biomolecular dynamics. All B₀-dependent parameters, such as CSA and alignment, reach their maximum values at this frequency, enabling access to data on motions that would otherwise be impossible to observe with lower field magnets. Increased resolution at 1.2 GHz would also be useful for studying larger proteins and intrinsically disordered proteins.

        1. Cory Widdifield Avatar
          Cory Widdifield

          Thank you for your response, David.

    2. Gottfried Otting Avatar
      Gottfried Otting

      These are important reference data.
      1) Wouldn’t one expect that the sensitivity obtained with a Shigemi tube is either the same or less than that obtained with a conventional 5 mm tube?
      2) Which compound and signal did you use to measure the sensitivities in the presence of different salt concentrations – ubiquitin or sucrose?
      3) Does CSA relaxation of ubiquitin amide protons broaden their 1H NMR signals noticeably more than at, say, 950 MHz?

      1. David Joseph Avatar
        David Joseph

        1) The sensitivity of a Shigemi depends on the amount of sample available. It is especially sensitive when a lower volume of sample is available. There is also an optimal height that provides the best signal-to-noise ratio when using a Shigemi tube. Our concern here was B_1 inhomogeneity, which is lower with a Shigemi tube. However, since the pulses also compensate for ±20% inhomogeneity, we only see only a slight improvement in sensitivity when using a Shigemi tube.

        2) It was p53 1-73, a disordered protein, in a Tris-Bis buffer, using optimal control HNCA sequence.

        3) Thanks for the question! I just looked it up, and for an HNCO experiment, the difference is around 3 Hz, while for an HSQC, it’s around 1 Hz (along the proton dimension). It is broader at 1.2 GHz.

    3. David Joseph Avatar
      David Joseph

      1) The sensitivity of a Shigemi depends on the amount of sample available. It is especially sensitive when a lower volume of sample is available. There is also an optimal height that provides the best signal-to-noise ratio when using a Shigemi tube. Our concern here was B_1 inhomogeneity, which is lower with a Shigemi tube. However, since the pulses also compensate for ±20% inhomogeneity, we only see only a slight improvement in sensitivity when using a Shigemi tube.

      2) It was p53 1-73, a disordered protein, in a Tris-Bis buffer, using optimal control HNCA sequence.

      3) Thanks for the question! I just looked it up, and for an HNCO experiment, the difference is around 3 Hz, while for an HSQC, it’s around 1 Hz (along the proton dimension). It is broader at 1.2 GHz.

    4. Bijaylaxmi Patra Avatar
      Bijaylaxmi Patra

      Hi David, brilliant presentation. Clear, concise, and insightful.
      You mentioned a useful tip about using buffers with lower conductivity and larger ions. Could you please elaborate on why this is beneficial and how exactly it helps in practice?

      1. David Joseph Avatar
        David Joseph

        Hi, thank you! This has to do with noise contribution from the sample, which is especially problematic for the cryoprobe. The noise from the sample is proportional to its conductivity and dielectric properties. Using a buffer with larger ions will lower the mobility, thus lowering the conductivity of the buffer and reducing the noise from the sample. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum.

    5. David Joseph Avatar
      David Joseph

      Hi, thank you! This has to do with noise contribution from the sample, which is especially problematic for the cryoprobe. The noise from the sample is proportional to its conductivity and dielectric properties. Using a buffer with larger ions will lower the mobility, thus lowering the conductivity of the buffer and reducing the noise from the sample. This increases the signal-to-noise ratio of the spectrum.

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